PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS

 


UNIT-I 

(a) Pharmaceutical analysis- Definition and scope

i) Different techniques of analysis

ii) Methods of expressing concentration

iii) Primary and secondary standards.

iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate


(b)Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors,

accuracy, precision and significant figures


(c)Pharmacopoeia, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents,limit tests.



UNIT-II 

Acid base titration: Theories of acid base indicators, classification of

acid base titrations and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and

very weak acids and bases, neutralization curves 

Non aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration and

estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl



UNIT-III 


Precipitation titrations: Mohr’s method, Volhard’s, Modified

Volhard’s, Fajans method, estimation of sodium chloride. 


 Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking

and demasking reagents, estimation of Magnesium sulphate, and calcium

gluconate. 


 Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in gravimetric analysis. Purity

of the precipitate: co-precipitation and post precipitation, Estimation of

barium sulphate. 


Basic Principles,methods and application of diazotisation titration.



UNIT-IV 


Redox titrations

(a) Concepts of oxidation and reduction

(b) Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications)

Cerimetry, Iodimetry, Iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry, Titration with

potassium iodate



UNIT-V 


 Electrochemical methods of analysis Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity cell, Conductometric

titrations, applications. 

 Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell, construction and working

of reference (Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and

calomel electrode) and indicator electrodes (metal electrodes and

glass electrode), methods to determine end point of potentiometric

titration and applications. 

 Polarography - Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and

working of dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum

electrode, applications


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