PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY II (Theory)

UNIT-I 

Metabolic pathways in higher plants and their determination

a) Brief study of basic metabolic pathways and formation of different secondary metabolites

through these pathways- Shikimic acid pathway, Acetate pathways and Amino acid pathway. 

b) Study of utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of Biogenetic studies. 

UNIT-II 

General introduction, composition, chemistry & chemical classes, biosources, therapeutic

uses and commercial applications of following secondary metabolites: 

Alkaloids: 👈 click here

• Vinca (click here)
• Rauwolfia (click here)
• Belladonna (click here)
• Opium (click here)

Phenylpropanoids and Flavonoids:👈 (click here )

• Lignans
• Tea (click here)
• Ruta (click here )

Steroids, Cardiac Glycosides & Triterpenoids: (click here)

• Liquorice (click here)
• Dioscorea (click here)
• Digitalis (click here)
• Digitalis lanata (click here)

Volatile oils: (click here)

• Mentha (click here)
• Clove (click here)
• Cinnamon (click here)
• Cassia cinnamon (click here)
• Fennel (click here)
• Coriander (click here)

Tannins:  (click here)

• Black Catechu (click here)
• Pale Catechu (click here)
• Pterocarpus (click here)

Resins: (click here)

• Benzoin (click here)
• Guggul (click here)
• Ginger (click here)
• Asafoetida (click here)
• Myrrh (click here)
• Colophony (clickn here)

Glycosides: (click here)

• Senna
• Aloes
• Bitter Almond

Iridoids, Other terpenoids & Naphthaquinones: 

• Gentian
• Artemisia
• taxus
• carotenoids

UNIT-III 

Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents

a) Terpenoids: 

• Menthol
• Citral
• Artemisin

b) Glycosides: 

• Glycyrhetinic acid
• Rutin

c) Alkaloids:

•  Atropine
• Quinine
• Reserpine
• Caffeine

d) Resins: 

• Podophyllotoxin
• Curcumin

UNIT-IV

Industrial production, estimation and utilization of the following phytoconstituents:

• Forskolin
• Sennoside
• Artemisinin
• Diosgenin
• Digoxin
• Atropine
• Podophyllotoxin
• Caffeine
• Taxol
• Vincristine and Vinblastine

UNIT V 

Basics of Phytochemistry

Modern methods of extraction, application of latest techniques like Spectroscopy, chromatography and electrophoresis in the isolation, purification and identification of crude drugs.